Pandemic avian influenza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pandemic avian flu - Essay Example Every mix speaks to an alternate subtype. All known subtypes of flu An infections can be found in winged animals. The H5N1 subtype of the avian influenza is as of now causing alert everywhere throughout the world. Avian flu infections are conveyed by wild feathered creatures in their digestive organs, yet for the most part don't become ill from them. Trained winged creatures, including chickens, ducks, and turkeys, are a lot of inclined to contamination to avian flu and it can influence a few flying creatures and make them wiped out and even murder them. Tainted winged animals spread flu infection through their salivation, nasal emanation, and excrement. Tamed winged animals can get tainted with avian flu infection through direct contact with contaminated waterfowl or other tainted poultry, or through contact with surfaces, for example, water, fowl feed, defecation or pens that have been defiled with the infection. Two primary types of malady are brought about by avian flu contamination in household poultry that are recognized by low and high limits of destructiveness. The low pathogenic structure may go undetected and normally causes just gentle side effects, for example, raised a ruckus a drop in egg creation. Be that as it may, the profoundly pathogenic structure spreads all the more quickly through groups of poultry. This structure may cause malady that influences various interior organs and has a death rate that can arrive at 90-100%, frequently inside 48 hours. The H5N1 infection is profoundly pathogenic. Predominance During 2004, huge pieces of Asia experienced remarkable flare-ups of profoundly pathogenic avian flu, brought about by the H5N1 infection, in poultry. ETIOLOGY Most pandemics throughout the hundreds of years have begun in parts of Asia where thick populaces of people live in nearness to water fowl, ducks and pigs. In this piece of the world, observation for both creature flu and groups of uncommon respiratory sickness in people plays out a significant early admonition work. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The flare-ups of profoundly pathogenic H5N1 avian flu in Asia in 2004 are obviously extraordinary in regard of the geological scale and the endemicity of the infection, which presently shows up immovably dug in parts of Asia. Other one of a kind highlights of the flare-ups propose that the unpredictable nature of flu infections might be changing in unpropitious manners. Residential ducks are currently known to discharge H5N1 in its exceptionally pathogenic structure yet - like wild ducks - seem, by all accounts, to be fit as a fiddle. They may in this way be quietly sustaining transmission of the infection to chickens and other poultry and perhaps at the same time to people. The ongoing location of exceptionally pathogenic H5N1 in dead transitory winged creatures - since a long time ago thought to be asymptomatic transporters - may propose another inauspicious change, yet more examination is required before any ends can be reached. The components that decide the interspecies transmis sion and pathogenicity of flu

Pitfalls in executive information systems (EIS) development

As recognized by Watson, EIS disappointments are because of the accompanying variables: Lack of official help †The help during the time of improvement is exceptionally fundamental. The help from the higher administration with respect to data straightforwardness and conviction for the framework would characterize better movement lifecycle and speed in execution. Frequently data gathering from higher administration is ineffectively overseen and needs standard procedures for recording mechanism.As insufficient documentation is done, the essential phase of IS improvement is prematurely delivered and whole lifecycle endures. Unclear framework destinations †The framework goals are regularly updated and prerequisites are ineffectively characterized. The extent of such frameworks is open and is never seized, from that point making the framework improvement in a vague manner. The framework objective isn't comprehended from the earliest starting point. The thought is to decide and fi xed objectives for the framework. Such activities are regularly disregarded and not reported well.Undefined objectives push exercises to an alternate way and need enough course to succeed (McNurlin, 2009). Insufficient care staff †The care staff are regularly deficient and untalented to deal with the turn of events. The high aptitude people are regularly missing for the advancement of EIS, which requests successful assets with long stretches of adjusted understanding. Such deficiencies represent a risk to the turn of events. Ill-advised arranging †The arranging of the EIS framework advancement is regularly isn't satisfactory and needs hazard the executives information.The thought is to make the correct judgment of the framework related to different authoritative targets and the extent of the framework. Such examination regularly needs and consequently the framework advancement fizzles. Arranging the EIS framework into different sub-frameworks for improvement makes the fram ework advancement arranged, anyway frequently the framework expertise makes it very hard to comprehend the whole framework and subsequently the improvement of structure gets troublesome. References McNurlin B. C. what's more, Sprague R. H. (2009). Data Systems Management in Practice (eighth Ed). Prentice Hall.

Argument Essay Samples For GRE

Argument Essay Samples For GREArgument essays for the GRE are a very important part of your education in college. This is the standard entrance exam for most colleges, so you want to be prepared for it and as thorough as possible. If you aren't familiar with this kind of writing style, then consider this as one of the best essay samples for GRE questions, and get ready to improve your scores.The main portion of the essay is known as the introduction. In the introduction, you explain the material that you will be discussing in your argument. What is the main topic of your essay?You should also look at what type of evidence you are presenting. There are two different types of evidence that you can use for an argument: Ad Hominem and Expert Opinion. Ad Hominem is the use of biased facts about the opponent. For example, say you have a friend who says his or her dog is nicer than yours.What would you do if your friend has not actually owned the dog? With Ad Hominem, you could also ask the opponent for their honest opinion as well. As you can see, the aim of your argument is to have the reader's attention from the very beginning, so use the quality essay samples for GRE questions and make sure that the sentences flow naturally.Now you need to decide how you will format your argument and what the stakes are for GRE. If your final grade is very low, then the stakes might be very high, but if you score much lower, then you might only have to worry about getting a C or a B. Be very clear on this as it will have a huge impact on your final grade.In the conclusion of your argument, you can use bullet points or other formatting to make it easy for the reader to understand the argument. However, this depends greatly on the stakes of the final grade that you have decided on. Sometimes you can use a combination of the two, but that depends on the specific exam you are taking.The final part of your argument is to write a logical conclusion. If you get a good grade, then you sho uld also be able to convince the reader that you are correct. Write a conclusive conclusion and then conclude the rest of your essay, which will help to set the reader at ease and put them in a positive frame of mind.Argument essay samples for GRE can be used to quickly increase your score. It is very important that you don't gloss over the fact that you need to write a lot of good quality essays to help you achieve a high GPA.

How Inequality Affects A Woman s Social Class Essay

How Inequality Affects a Woman’s Social Class Women have made many changes in the past in order to be at the same level as men both socially and economically. In the past, women were expected to stay home and take care of the kids while men went out to work. As women started to become more independent, they started going to school to achieve a better goal; to get a job and not rely on men. Now, having jobs and greater responsibilities encourages women to stand close to where men are in the workplace. Therefore, women are realizing that gender inequalities are very much still present, and the ultimate goal is to stand with men on this social and economic ladder. Qian Tang, author of Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all claims that â€Å"education is a key contributor to reducing inequality and scaling down poverty-stricken† This is a true statement. However, it is a statement that is not looked at closely enough. Education reduces inequality, not eliminates it. There are still a lot more situations that happen in society that increase inequality, such as not getting paid equally or having to do most of the housework. Women are not treated as unfairly as before, but there are still certain variables that need to be taken off so that a woman. More and more women are becoming college educated because they believe it will bring more opportunities and bring them closer to equality. In fact, being college educated bringsShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality And Gender Equality1685 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender.† According to united nations population fund â€Å"gender equality is a human right. Men and Women are entitled to live with dignity and with freedom from want and from fear. Gender equality is also a precondition for advancing development and reducing poverty: Empowered women contribute to the health and productivity of whole families and communities, and they improve prospects for the next generation†Read MoreFeminism And The Third Wave Of Feminism1212 Words   |  5 Pageswhat it did in the days of women s suffrage. No longer is feminism working on allowing women just to vote. It focuses on intersectionality, g ender norms, women s reproductive rights, and so much more. We are in the third wave of feminism. In 2017 most millennials identify with third wave feminism or a variant of the movement and strive to abolish gender roles, patriarchy, and fight for women s rights and equality. Our distinct personal experiences and social location effect what issues we careRead MoreRace And Health Inequality In America. . Racial Discrimination1580 Words   |  7 PagesRace and Health Inequality in America Racial discrimination by doctors According to Golash-Boza (2016), the systemic racism or the accumulated disadvantages for non-whites are also reflected in in the areas of health and environment. Golash-Boza (2016) argues that racial inequalities diminish not only he opportunities for non-whites but also â€Å"our time on earth†. This can have an effect on the health and life expectancy. It is interesting to look at why blacks have a lower life expectancy thanRead MoreEconomic, Environmental And Social Aspects Of Wellbeing1358 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Introduction and background The aim of this report is to discover the inequalities in Africa. This will be done by analysing the 3 main topics economic, environmental and social aspects of wellbeing in Africa. Located on the southern end of the African continent, north of Zimbabwe and Mozambique and surrounded by Atlantic ocean and Indian ocean is a continent that Covers 1 221 040 square kilometres. South Africa only takes over 4%of the lands area but is 3 times the size of Texas and 5 timesRead MorePride And Prejudice, And The Last Man By Mary Shelley1271 Words   |  6 Pagesof the society, especially its importance in the lives of women. Have you ever thought of how social class work into society during the romanticism era? It seems that most of the Romantic novelists of English literature were objecting the traditional situations and views of the society at that time. The biggest challenge and the social struggle by both Austen and Shelley were extremely intolerance toward class difference. Austen’s novel uncovers several basics and elements that she herself might haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Race On America Today1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe Affects of Race in America Today By, Alex Peterson Soc 420 Final Racial oppression and racism have been an issue seen throughout the history of the United States. During the 60’s the era of the Civil Rights movement Americans saw advances in racial equality. This seems to have created a notion throughout the United States that racism was not an issue for many years. Yet racism still seems to be engrained in American society, it is just hard to realize when it is happening. Recently racialRead MoreSocial Structure And Its Impact On Society1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe macro perspective known as the ‘social structure’ is based on how society is maintained and preserved by social institutions. On the other side of this equation, human agency refers to an individual or a social group’s ability to make decisions out of free will within the structured society. Many sociologists question whether or not the wider social structure has an influence on the choices made by the individuals and the capacity in which a social struct ure allows a person to act independentlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Years A Slave 1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe film shows sociological aspects such as social classes, culture shock, gender roles, race, resocialization and how it all ties into racism. Conflict theory What is conflict theory? It is pronounced by sociologist Marx that claims that society is in a state of perpetual conflict due for limited resources. One of the social classes that he talked about is the bourgeoisie which is a big part of the film. It focuses on the poverty within the working class (slaves) and the power of the business menRead MoreWomen’s Income Inequality and The American Dream Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pages Income inequality is a big ongoing problem in the United States. It has a big effect on what America was all about, the American dream. The American dream that everyone is equal and has equal opportunities. Although a big part of what goes on in the Untied States that just doesn’t fit the American dream; women are unequal in the work place. They are put under what is known as the â€Å"Glass Ceiling†. Women do not get promoted in the work place and aren’t getting equal pay as men. This also leadsRead MoreHow Racial Segregatio n Affects Characters in The Help by Kathryn Stockett 1160 Words   |  5 Pagestheir race, class or ethnic group. This practice provides the means of maintaining the economic advantages and superior social status of the politically dominant group, and was primarily employed by white populations to maintain their dominance over African- Americans (Britannica). Racial segregation was implemented or at least encouraged, and as a result has negatively affected the lives of African-Americans as a whole. The Help written by Kathryn Stockett takes place in the early 1960’s in Jackson

What is Nutrition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1264 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Nutrition Essay Did you like this example? Nutrition is the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism and repair† (Medical net). Our body depends on the about of nutrients we eat from carbohydrate, protein, fats, water to function well. The nutrients we eat helps our body to work together to it full capacity. During my 24-hour diet tracking it seems like my eating habits are not the best. I do not eat bad food daily, but I am not getting all of my nutrients. Due to me working, school, and hanging out with my friends I do not make the best choice when it comes to choosing what to eat. For example, during the 24-hour diet recall I notice that most of my food intake was not part of the five-food group. Most of my food was not heavy food, it was mostly snacks. Tracking my food intake during this 24-hour diet recall help me to realize that my diet is poor. It was hard for me to remember to recall my food intake during the 24-hour because I did not eat a lot daily, but my reminder helps me to recall the food that I ate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Nutrition?" essay for you Create order Hunger and fullness diet tracking reminds me of when I was younger. I remember eating naturally without worrying about anything. For example, when we were born our parents did not count the able of calories or measure the amount of food we were eating. I remember when my little brother was born, my parents will know that it’s time to feed him when he cries and that he’s full when we stop crying. Even though babies have nothing to do with the assignment, but they are a perfect of hunger and fullness diet tracking. For example, most of the time we eat when food is available. It is something we have being doing since we were younger. Sometimes we eat without being hungry, but because we are hanging out with our friends, family members, or at a social function we decide to eat something even though we might be full. During my hunger/fullness food tracking I discover that when I eat certain food my body reacts to it differently. For example, when I eat Jamaican bee patty for breakfast, I will usually feel tired and heavy, but when I eat blue berry muffin two hours later, I felt excited and had more energy. Whenever I eat noodles for dinner, I felt sleepy. I also notice that I ate a lot of chips, and fruit snacks while I was on campus because I was around my friends and will eat them even though I was not hungry. The pros to doing this assignment was me observing how my body feel after eating most of the food I eat daily. One con I notice while during this assignment was, I had a had time trying to stop myself from eating when I was not hungry. The past two assignment enough me to improve a little bit on my diet. In my one-week diet tracking on my fitness pal, I recorded all the food I ate during that week with accuracy. I recorded my nutrients, vitamins, carbohydrate, and fats. While tracking my food intake for that week, I notice that my calories level was not high as I expected it to. For example, somedays I was not meeting my daily calories requirements. One factor that made my diary interesting was that I was able to see the able of vitamins, sodium, potassium and other nutrients I eat regularly. When doing this I discover that I have been lacking two of my vitamin’s intake, like vitamin A, and vitamin C. One cons I notice while doing this assignment was that it was hard and disturbing because I have never track what I ate for breakfast, lunch, dinner or for snacks. I found the one-week tracking log useful because it helps me to watch and realize what I have being eating regularly. For example, my total calories for one day was about 1,533 compare to the daily goal of 1,490. This assignment was my favorite and it made me very emotional because I knew that my eating habit was not the best, but I did not realize that I was lacking my major nutrients for my body to function well. On the third day, I remember telling my mom that we need to start buying more healthy food because I felt depressed that I was not meeting my daily goal for my nutrients. Especially since I was eating food that are high in fats, because of that I felt like I was gaining a lot of weight while tracking during that one week. It was my favorite assignment because this one help to observe my diet for a longer period. As compare to the other assignments that was for a day, this assignment gives me account for the number of vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and other nutrients that your body will need to function properly. Micronutrients is when things are required in a small amount. They consist of our vitamins, potassium, iron, sodium, calcium and water. Because of the name micronutrient our body only need small amount or it to function properly. While doing this assignment I notice the essential need for micronutrients in our body. Each nutrient has a specific job in our body. While tracking my micronutrients I notice that I was always over my daily limit for sodium, which I discover might maintain my fluid proper balance. I discover that I was lacking in vitamin A, and C. day 1, I was 88% under my daily limit for vitamin A. I am also lacking with iron and a few cups of water. This assignment was an eye opening for me to make a better choice in my food choice. One pro to tracking my micronutrient is being inform of my health risk if I continue to lack my daily nutrients. This assignment also made me emotional because I did not know about the major health risk of lacking my daily nutrients. While doi ng this assignment I felt like the information was being through at me, I was shocked when I discover the pros and cons of lacking your micronutrients. My smart goal was to eat breakfast that has all the four food groups everyday still thanksgiving. While doing this goal I had to plan out my daily breakfast food. For example, most days my breakfast will be a whole grain bagel, peanut butter, apple and a glass of milk. Some days I will eat fry eggs, waffles, banana, and apple juice. My goal was successful till the day before thanksgiving when I skip breakfast and did not following my smart goal. I chose this smart goal because of the past four assignments. I discover that my daily meals did not include the four different food groups. Some unexpected barriers that arose was me running out of food that had the four-food group in it. Another was that I forgot to eat breakfast at home is I had to get something to eat at trinity deli I ate corn flakes and milk. In the future when face with these barriers I will make sure to go grocery shopping for a lot breakfast food before starting the goal. I will choose the same goal in the future bec ause it helps me to move closer to a healthy lifestyle. While doing this goal I will add another goal to it. probably decide to eat more dark vegetables like spinach and broccoli for a week first.

Decision Support System ( Dss ) Integration - 1170 Words

Decision Support System(DSS) Integration for the Business Model of the Ye Olde Steampunk Emporium Student Name : In Bum Choi Student ID : 0061092505 Course : Professional skills for Information Systems Course ID : CIS5100 5th October 2016 With the development of commercial transaction, there is a surge of demand of commercial evaluation and prediction. In this circumstance, many entrepreneurs tried to understand and predict patterns of customers purchase, and foresee to prepare proper distributing products and minimize the amount of stock. Dr. Nikola Tesla has noted that a number of the business competitors are providing a discount to customers, free freight delivery on their online businesses. He needed to forecast various sale results if a similar measure is adopted to his business. As a solution, Kinkajou Technologies suggested a Decision Support System(DSS) because a DSS creates usable statistics and diagrams from the DBMS and produce various scenarios which help the business owner make decisions relating to future business development and profitability. Before getting down to the point, we need to look at what a Decision Support System is. It known as DSS is a computer-based information system which helps manager accomplish a competitive advantage in either overall cost leadership, differentiation or focus, being able to make decisions and forecast future business needs and requirements. A DSS applications aids decision makers put to useShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Dss On The Corporate World989 Words   |  4 PagesUses of DSS in the Corporate World The extensive use of DSS is pertinent to business and management. Information systems of executives and other business performance software require faster decision making, identification of negative trends, and better allocation of business resources. Informative data from any organization is represented in the form of charts and graphs in a summarized way due to DSS, which helps the management make strategic decisions. The evolution of DSS consists of four generationsRead MoreThe Development and Implementation of Decision Support Systems Within the Clinical Field1229 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The development and implementation of decision support systems within the clinical field represent a myriad of methodologies. While most institutions have adopted the IT centric or traditional approaches of DSS development and implementation, experts have recommended a user centric approach as an alternative method. If the user centric model is initiated within the industry, it makes it possible for the management to justify decisions through value analysis (Burstein Holsapple, 2008)Read More1.Introduction. The Purpose Of This Report Is To Examine1390 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation flows that the pharmaceutical supplier, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the world’s leading pharmaceutical companies, uses several systems, such as vendor managed inventory, decision support system and e-procurement, in their business operations. The next part of this report introduces the technology implementation barriers when applying these systems and models in the process management. The re port closes with giving some solutions to tackle the technology problems and barriers to the effectiveRead MoreInformation Systems And Knowledge Management1412 Words   |  6 Pagesits partners. A DSS has been defined as an interactive and adaptable computer-based information system that supports non-structured management problems. Information systems have been linked with Knowledge Management systems to help in making more informed and scientific decisions. Knowledge Management can be described as a practice of capturing tacit knowledge and converting it into explicit knowledge through filtering, storing, retrieving and disseminating the same. Decision support through knowledgeRead MoreRole of Decision Support System for Decision-Making Process in Global Business Environment1741 Words   |  7 PagesInformation Systems Analysis Topic: Decision Support Systems Uma V Devi 2009  © Role of Decision Support System for DecisionMaking Process in Global Business Environment Decision Support System: A Decision Support System is an integrated set of computer tools allowing a decision maker to interact directly with computer to retrieve information useful in making semi structured and unstructured decisions. Example of this decisions include such things as merger and acquisition decisions, plantRead MoreGrocery Gateway847 Words   |  4 PagesCASE QUESTIONS Information Systems are Central at Grocery Gateway 1. What information systems are used at Grocery Gateway to help them make decisions? Would you classify these systems as TPS, DSS, or EIS? * The web site acts as a TPS as it supports customer transactions. * Logistic Management System is a mostly a DSS with some aspects of an EIS incorporated into it as analyzing some of its data can lead to strategic decisions. 2. How do these systems support operational, managerial orRead MoreFinal Term Paper : Clinical Decision Support Systems1034 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Clinical Decision Support Systems in North America Submitted To: Professor El Morr Submitted By: Ramanjeet Singh 209 820 663 Christina Vecchiarelli 211 485 844 Date: Monday April 13th 2015 â€Æ' Table of Contents Introduction 3 Decision Support System Used in Case 3 What Decision Support Technologies were used? 3 Analyze the users and type of decisions involved. 4 Strengths 4 What are the major benefits of this DSS? 4 Analyze the requirements of the system and how this DSS is reducing medicalRead MoreTransaction Processing Systems ( Tps )758 Words   |  4 Pagesprocessing systems (TPS) provide data collection, storage, processing and outputting functionalities for the core operations of a business. These functions are necessary for operational managers. In that way the data generated by the TPS answers general business questions and to track the flow of transactions throughout the business. TPS can keep track of such systems as payroll, inventory, sales, shipping and other vital business systems. Business intelligence systems have quite a few systems underRead MoreManagement 3211270 Words   |  6 PagesMGT 321 System Build Project For this project, you will design a system for the organization of your choosing. This could be for a current or former employer or some fictitious organization (Banks Against Blight LLC). The system you design might be data storage, telecommunications, e-commerce, accounting information, manufacturing process system, inventory management, or some other system approved by your instructor.   You will discover (or create, if you choose a fictional organization) andRead MoreDigital Britain Report And Un Egovt981 Words   |  4 PagesTheir step towards realizing more ethical information systems is established by many associations they have made with number of administrations. 3. The chapter debates on how to deal with policies regarding securing data and information privileges. 4. Effects of smart and pervasive data systems on the daily life of people was introduced. 5. A detailed discussion on insufficient copy right laws was also observed. Topic (ERP Systems) -- Chapter 9 and 10 -- Highlights (5 key ideas, one

Auditing and Assurance Business Organisation

Question: Discuss about the Auditing and Assurance for Business Organisation. Answer: Introduction The contemporary business organisation provides the emphasis that seems to be created on the business with providing emphasis on the development of the business strategies that are considered for the reduction of the environmental impact of the company. Therefore the contemporary business environment emphasizes on the development strategy and the policies in order to reduce the environmental impact of the business environment (Zopounidis, 2008). The establishment of the eco-friendly environment helps in the appropriate establishment of the company and thereby the considerations that are made provide appropriate efforts for the research and development process which must be carried out for the profitability of the organisation. The undertaken case study depicts the observation regarding the appropriate research process carried out for the fish feeding and thereby the research depicts the development of the research of fish feeds (Wolf, 2008). The Bio-Sustainable Feeds Ltd Company is s tated in this case study which seems to be undertaking the research study with depicting various views of the research. The feeds for the fishes are produced in a bio-sustainable way which seems to be cost effective in nature and thereby the consideration of the case is enhanced in this report of Bio-Sustainable Feeds Ltd. The research also depicts mitigation of the issues aroused during the continuation of innovation process regarding fish feeds (Winters, 2008). Steps that are considered before accepting the Audit for applying them to BSF Ltd The steps that are considered for accepting the audit before applying them to the Bio-Sustainable Feeds Ltd depends on the approaches that are undertaken for depicting the risks present in the decisions (Vallabhaneni, 2013). It also helps in understanding the categorisation of the engagement risks presented in the organisation can be divided into three parts which seems to be crucial components. The three crucial components that are depicted are as follows:- Audit risks that seems to be created by the auditor who unknowingly failed to change the financial statements by the materials consisted by the company Bio-Sustainable Feeds Ltd (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). Client business risks that are depicted when the association indicates the risk regarding the survival of client and regarding the profitability is also mentioned. Auditors business risk depicts the modification of the risks consisting of the financial litigations and thereby the costs are alleged to audit failure. It also helps in the creating the risks regarding the costs with imposing reputational effects and the realization fee (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). The other steps that are mentioned with the consideration regarding the engagement of Audit and thereby the necessary steps for the Bio-Sustainable Feeds Ltd Company which must be followed are as follows:- Evaluating the integrity management related to material errors and henceforth the irregularities are notified when the management is dishonest (Smart, Megginson and Gitman, 2007). Identification of the certain circumstances regarding the unusual risks which are faced by the auditors. Accessing the competence to perform the audit with the appropriate and determined amount which creates the type of supervision for the audit related to the business (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). Evaluation of independence that helps in defining the conduct required with the consideration of section 101 of codes of conduct. Determining the auditors liability with using the due cares of generalized standards. The scheduling of the field work helps in scheduling the field work which is also created with the clients planning and the procedures (Moretto, 2008). Accepting the role of an Audit of BSF Ltd Inherent risks that are determined helps in considering the proposed error with the omission in the financial statements and thereby the failure seems to be identified with the failure of the control processes. It thereby helps in depicting the complex transactions which seems to be based on the estimation made in the financial statements (Holton, 2012). The breakdown of the inherent risks also helps in depicting the risks that are detected for the financial measurements. If the control risks and the inherent risks are found together then the detection risk can be set to the reasonable limit. Detection risks determine the detection of the misstatements that are applied on the materials regarding the financial statement of the organisation. Misapplication or the omission may lead to the critical procedures which results in fraud or error in the application and thereby the detection seems to be reduced with conducting testing in more number of times and thereby the sampled transactions seems to be increased (Hillier, 2010). Controlled risks are detected during the misstatement of the material and thereby viewing the risks of the financial statements with detecting the fraud and error. It thereby also indicates the frauds or errors detection. The segregation statement helps in preparing the individuals that consists of the technical knowledge (Hagan, 2010). The organisations internal controls help in detecting the instances of the frauds and the errors which seems to be represented with the consideration of risk of conduct. With considering the case study, the Bio-Sustainable Feeds Ltd inherent risk is estimated as 90% and the detection risks seems to be lower than 80%. The control risks seems to be depicted in this case is about 5% and thereby lowering the control risk which indicates that the auditor is liable for the audit and thereby the consideration of the lowest risk is indicated in this case study (Fifield and Power, 2011). Henceforth the balanced position for the organisation can be created by the auditor, who is going to conduct the audit keeping the company in the state of balanced position. List and discuss the Audit program included for BSF Ltd The plan of internal auditor includes the development and record regarding the planning with the creation of engagement with including the scope and the objectives. It thereby considers the objectives that allow determining the effective operations that are carried out by the control of the application (Elliott and Elliott, 2008). The designing of the operations helps in managing the application controls in an effective manner with thereby creating operations for controlling the objectives determined. The list along with the discussions is provided in the audit program which are listed below are as follows:- Input data must be created in an appropriate form with completing the appropriate authorization process (Eilenberger, 2010). The processed data must be accepted during the particular period of time. Data must be stored in an appropriate format with thereby completing the storage of data (Eckbo, 2007). Outputs must be created in an accurate and complete format. Records must be maintained with keeping the appropriate record of the track regarding the process of data. The steps that are requisite for the achievement of the above objectives are as follows:- Determination of appropriate scope in order to review the guidelines of Audit Development of the communication plan that need to be executed as per the special resources. Determination of the problems with performing the risk management (Dauber, 2005). Conducting the audit with the creation of appropriate audit program Determining the computer assisted audit techniques which must be implemented for assisting the techniques. The audit helps in creating the design with operating the trail which seems to be generated and maintained for the purpose of transactional data. Discussion on the concerns related to the Auditor of the RD transactions The worries that are delineated for the auditor with the making of transactions portrayed from the year 2013 to 2016 depicts the gift arrangements that are delineated for the situation which gives adaptability of the assets with the usage of proactive techniques. It gives the data along with creating reaction for the immediate venture and thus makes the combination alternatives with arranging the start up with the execution of reactions (Dauber, 2005). The proactive arranging helps in making the leads for the examination bunches with subsequently helps in making the methodologies and along these lines the receptive use with separating capital speculation underlining on the characteristic systems. This methodology made by the application assists in building the adaptability with seeking after the more prominent changes in the association of CSIRO. The different territories of the examination help in making adaptability and in this manner it helps in practicing the accessibility of the RD assets (Choi, 2003). The case for the adaptable system portrays the considerable advancement for this situation with conveying the significance of the generous procedure and consequently the more extensive hierarchical level is by all accounts made with perceiving the confinements on an effective level. Consequently the blending of the RD productive levels is embraced in the association of CSIRO which prompted the disappointment of the business sector mediations. The issue for the failure of the business sector demonstrates the strengths that are hindered available from the making of viable reception. The acknowledgment is made with in this manner making strife and consequently the capacities completed encourages in giving assets to the RD and along these lines the inward desire is by all accounts high with the statutory stream capacity of CSIRO. With the making of more grounded accentuation on CSIRO, the results for the formation of center in regards to the arranging include the engagement with the production of private interest (Brigham and Houston, 2004). The present observations portray the estimations of the achievement that demonstrates a positive effect for the improvement of RD in CSIRO. The endeavours appear to be given keeping in mind the end goal to improve the results in a more compelling way and in this manner the contemplations make open great results with the essential method of reasoning for CSIRO. With the sign of trouble for CSIRO, there are a few components that are engaged with the upgrade of the era of the researchers to remain by in the shoulders of the mammoths. The large amounts of the coordinated effort appear to happen and consequently the vital part is engaged over the association for the upgrade of the development essentials (Braiotta, 2004). The conditions made on the joint effort with the association of the exploration over the association helps in adjusting the expense of efficiency with the making of interest contingent upon the expenses and the profitability favorable circumstances picked up. A high esteem innovation helps in making the suggestions that is by all accounts giving fitting push to the judgment of the effect and along these lines in connection of the RD exchanges; the upgrade is appeared to be portrayed for this situation (Hillier, 2010). The qualities are likewise portrayed with giving affirmation to the production of the contact and in this manne r the development is by all accounts upgrading the qualities that are delineated for this situation study. Triple-Bottom Line John Elkington initially presented the expression triple primary concern in 1994. He was originator of a British Consultancy firm named Sustainability. He gave the vast majority of the emphasis on manageability and reasonable business hones. He made a contention that the business association should be set up with three different primary concerns. One of the primary concerns is the traditional size of corporate benefit. The profit or loss statement or income statement shows clear idea on this specific primary concern of the organization. The second primary concern is the general population record of the organization (Holton, 2012). It estimates the association's social duty all through the business operation of the organization. It quantifies the association level of social responsibility. The third primary concern of the TBL is the planet record of the organization. It gauges how the organization responsible environmentally. The triple main concern in this way makes out of three Ps; benefit, individuals and planet. The objective of the Triple Bottom Line is proportional to the economical, social and additionally ecological execution of the business association over a particular timeframe. The TBL is considered as balanced score card and the same principles are connected; what a business association measured is the thing that the business association gets (Moretto, 2008). The reason is the thing that the association measures are the thing that the associations are likely to give attention to. When the business associations give satisfactory thoughtfulness regarding measures their social and environmental impact then the general public will acquire environmental and social respnsibility association. The idea of Triple Bottom Line helps the association to keep the record of their social and natural obligations and duties with a specific end goal to enhance the maintainability remainder of the association. There is one issue with the triple primary concern and whic h is the three main concern use to be measured in three separate records and it is hard to consolidate the three records in a single report. In the untaken business association Bio-sustainable Feeds (BSF) Ltd economically measured with the Triple Bottom Line procedure (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). The organization with the proficient business procedures and Research and advancement procedure can have the capacity to enhance their budgetary position and in the meantime, it helps in enhancing the social acknowledgment as the organization design minimal effort fish encourages, which enhance the nature of the fish their development and life range. Other than this, with the imaginative item the organization can have the capacity to reduce the natural effect accordingly settled itself an environmentally efficient organization. Exclusive control management of the research made The administration BSF Ltd. administration affirmed in appreciation to the outline that the patent values are anticipated is by all accounts gave for this situation. It in this manner helps in the improvement of the restrictive control that is by all accounts made do with the making of selective control over the bacteria based feeds technology (Hagan, 2010). The case delineates the stipend that is led with undertaking the thought of the contextual investigation and accordingly the case helps in considering alternative agricultural feeds which are appear to be portrayed for this situation. The enrichment of the alternative agricultural feeds helps in considering the case and subsequently the option aquaculture feeds are considered for this situation of the examination made by BSF Ltd. The desire is appeared to be made on account of improvement of the expense with demonstrating the aquaculture feed (Wolf, 2008). The upgrade is by all accounts made on account of the examination done in like manner. The control administration delineates the improvement of the history that is by all accounts portrayed for the situation effective estimation of the case. It thereby helps in delineating the significant issues that is by all accounts upgraded by the precise changes and along these lines the thought helps in making methodical enhancements in the association. The selective control consequently to the generation and from this time forward the improvement is found in the appropriate form. References Braiotta, L. (2004).The audit committee handbook. New York: Wiley. Brigham, E. and Houston, J. (2004).Fundamentals of financial management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Choi, F. (2003).International finance and accounting handbook. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. Dauber, N. (2005).2006 auditing standards. Australia: Thomson. Eckbo, B. (2007).Handbook of Corporate Finance. Burlington: Elsevier. Eilenberger, G. (2010).Current challenges for corporate finance. Heidelberg: Springer. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2008).Financial accounting and reporting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Fifield, S. and Power, D. (2011).Managerial finance. [Bradford, UK]: Emerald. Hagan, F. (2010).The auditor. Belfast: Lagan Press. Hillier, D. (2010).Corporate finance. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Moretto, E. (2008).Managerial finance. [Bradford, England]: Emerald. Paramasivan, C. and Subramanian, T. (2009).Financial management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Smart, S., Megginson, W. and Gitman, L. (2007).Corporate finance. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Spiceland, J., Sepe, J. and Nelson, M. (2011).Intermediate accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Vallabhaneni, S. (2013).Internal audit basics. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Winters, D. (2008).Managerial finance. [Bradford, England]: Emerald. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Zopounidis, C. (2008).Managerial finance. [Bradford, England]: Emerald.

Risk Perception and Analysis

Risk is perceived differently by different people. Risk assessment is important as it enables people to control and manage risks. There exist both traditional and modern methods of risk assessment. To discuss these issues, this study shall: summarize the main points made by Slovic and Clark and illustrate the difference between a cause and a mechanism by use of examples.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Risk Perception and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Summary of the Main Points made by Slovic The persons’ extra ability to modify and to react to the environment constructs and lessens risk. Risk assessment as an area of study has developed as a result of the indefinable and hard to control nature of present hazards, particularly the modern advancement of chemical and nuclear expertise (Slovic 280). Risk assessment as a subject of study is intended to aid in categorizing, quantifying and ty pifying risk. While scientifically refined analysts make use of risk assessment to assess hazards, the best part of populace depends on instinctive risk judgment, normally known as risk perceptions. For most citizens, understanding of hazards is usually developed from the news in the media, which scrupulously manuscripts threats and fears happening all over the planet. For instance, media have made a majority of Americans, and other developed states to believe that they are prone to experiencing more risks in prospect. This has majorly impacted the economic and political development of these nations (Nelkin 38). Anthropological and sociological works reveal that the perception and receipt of risks is usually grounded on cultural and social and aspects (Douglas and Albert 236). The reaction to hazards is influenced by social controls, which are conveyed by relatives, friends, colleague staff, and esteemed government officials. Psychological study on risk perception has resulted to an invention of a cluster of psychological strategies or heuristics, which persons make use of so as to make good judgment out of an uncertain existence (Kahneman et al. 46). Even though these strategies are applicable in some situations, they can end in great and importunate prejudices, with severe repercussions for risk assessment. In addition, research points out that those early views possessed by individuals are hard to change as they control the manner in which ensuing information is construed. Thus, novel evidence seems to be reliable and edifying if it is in line with an individual’s first beliefs. Presenting similar ideas regarding risk in dissimilar ways changes perspectives and measures.Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychometric Paradigm Research on the psychometric paradigm is centered on the functions of emotion, affect and stigma in controlling risk percept ion (Slovic 284). Slovic in 1987 disputed Starr’s article by exploring expressed preferences, the amount of risk persons say they are ready to accept (281). He discovered that, different from Starr’s fundamental assumption, persons regarded the majority of risks in the humanity as being incongruously high. He also discovered that the space amid involuntary and voluntary risks was not that big, as alleged by Starr. Slovic discovered that it was possible to foretell and measure perceived risk. A person is apt to view present risk levels as inappropriately high for the majority of activities. All conditions held constant, the larger the perception of a gain by persons, the larger the forbearance of the risk (Slovic 284). If an individual acquired satisfaction by using a commodity, persons judged its profits as lofty and its risks as small. If the action was not liked, the verdicts would be the reverse. Exploration in psychometrics has established that risk perception is g reatly dependent on instinct, empirical thinking, and sensation. Psychometric research acknowledged a wide sphere of characteristics that can be reduced to three major factors including the extent to which a risk is comprehended; the extent to which the risk induces a sentiment of dread; and the quantity of persons likely to be impacted by the risk (Slovic 285). A dread risk educes intuitive feelings of fear of disaster and disparity. An indefinite risk is novel and strange to science. The more an individual dreads an action, the more elevated the perceived risk is, and the more that individual desires the risk abridged (Slovic 285). Risk perception study reveals that people’s profound anxieties are connected to the authenticity of widespread adverse media coverage and to a sturdy relationship amid nuclear power and the propagation and employment of nuclear arms (Burton et al. 264). Psychometric study can predict the reaction to technological tools that have the potential to cause strong and importunate public antagonism. However, differences in the span of an individual’s definition of risk can significantly alter the assessment of risk from a range of technological advancements (Slovic et al. 464).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Risk Perception and Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A Summary of the Main Points Made by Clark Risk is typified by diverse types of fears. The way that persons perceive those types of fears, influences their character. To understand contemporary issues in risk assessment, the historical perspective of social risk assessment is discussed in three segments: the European witch craze in the 16th and 17th centuries; resource management in the field of uncertainty; and drug safety and limits of regulation. I shall discuss each of this separately. The European Witch Craze in the 16th and 17th Centuries Witchcraft and witches have existed si nce time immemorial. For a long time, people regarded their fears of uncertainty as witches (Trevor—Roper 1). The term witches served as a sufficient explanation for the uncontrollable disasters which happened to people’s crops and wellbeing. During that time, the church assumed a cynical and a chiefly academic loom to these beliefs, teaching the distinction between truth and fantasy, and classifying witches directly in the latter group (Schwing and Walter 287). At some point, the lawmakers intervened on the illusions about witches by illegalizing them. Contemporary risk assessors do not harm their colleague residents. Instead, they attempt to insure against witch hunting by use of a systematic approaches to collect and assess proof on risk issues. However, the account of witch hunting puts forward that whatever we may be doing or intending to do in modern risk assessment is likely to be far from what occurs in reality. Thus, the only way that we can identify these inc onsistencies is through modifying the historical perspective, while offering clear grounds for adjustments. Several risk assessments employed today are usually identical with those that were employed by the inquisition. The advantage of the past perspective is that, with retrospection, we are able to realize the disparity and attempt to gain knowledge from it. Currently, there is an aspect of opportunistic vocation in the modern risk assessment society (Schwing and Walter 289). Similar to the past, the present science society is willing to practice its risk assessment actions into regions that are near home. In many aspects, contemporary risk assessment activities are parallel to the European witch craze. Resource Management on the Function of Uncertainty Nothing imaginary or of witch-like nature subsists in the risks experienced through people’s daily associations with water, plants and the entire environment (Clark 1). However, inadequate adjustment can lead to uncertaintie s in the future as well as the explicit and direct consequences of drowning, hunger and burning up. Anthropological research indicates that pre-industrial folk communities adjust to such ecological risks mainly through adaptation in human conduct (Clark 3).Advertising Looking for assessment on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many a time we adjust to the environment, but still disaster strikes us. For instance, even with a great deal of efforts by the U.S. to manage floods, an insupportable rainfall hit resulting to vast floods (Burton et al. 264). Again, communal health and vaccination crusades have done much good, as they have assisted in the prevention of diseases, especially among children. However, the abridged frequency of ailments brought by vaccination is always accompanied by augmentations of other types of risks. This is so since the efforts to manage ailments introduces alien substances in the composite biological structure. Drug Safety: The Limits of Regulation Medicines, even though they planned to enhance lives, create risks of recognized types. Therefore, the assessment of risks posed by clinical drugs is simpler than other risk conditions. The fundamental actions for risk-benefit judgments of drugs are also soundly recognized. Preliminary testing makes use of broad knowledge and skill on identical products. However, different nations have diverse policies pertaining drugs. In order to make efficient policies of risk management, it is vital to have cautiously planned studies that demonstrate the types of risks that the current testing measures can catch, and the type of risks that they allow to trip. Suitable combinations of risk assessment strategies are not likely to surface from even the most refined thoughts; hence there is the need to carry out adaptive risk management. In the final section of the paper, Clark demonstrates that all traditions place themselves in the antagonism of the unknown and endeavor to conquer or manipulate it, hoping to set up a more unsurprising and less scary world. He stresses the need to take risks in the medical field as well as in other similar fields. The Difference between a Cause and a Mechanism The conventional approach to perceiving actions has been to consider it as a cluster of effects created by preceding causes (Reinout 20). Causes and effects are commonly acknowledged in the shape of events. After a lightning stroke appears, one expects a roll of thunder. In this case, the occurrence of one event results to the occurrence of the other. Causation is characterized by a series of actions (Ashraf 38). Causation depicts the sequence in which actions consistently happen, although it does not engross a depiction of the mechanism that relates cause and effect. Characterizing action in terms of causes and effects is extremely hasty since each novel cause has to be independently allied to its effects (Ashraf 38). The following is an example of a case that can be used to explain a mechanism. As a result of air entering the room from an open window, a thermostat will start the furnace. In case, it was switched off, the current of air makes the thermostat to start the furnace. On further observation, one sees another cause-effect association. In case, it was on, increase in temperature can evoke the thermostat to switch off the furnace. This is parallel to the former cause-effect incident, although the cause and effect are in the reverse routes. More observations confirm several other comprehensive forms of causes and effects, depending on the duration of time that the furnace remains on or off. Chilly climate remote to the house makes the thermostat maintain the furnace activated for longer periods than it maintains the furnace switched off, while mild heat makes the furnace switch off soon after it is switched on, and warm heat makes the thermostat to maintain the furnace switched off all along. The number of causes and effects can be lengthened for an indefinite period, without indication of why any experienced cause has particular effects and without creating any capacity to envisage what a novel sort of cause will occur. For instance, holding a large party in the house or placing a fire in the house will both generate identical effects via the thermostat. Different from a cause, a mecha nism never work merely for definite causes and definite effects; it connects a big number of diverse causes, which are capable of influencing a structure, to the entire end effects that the structure can generate. The example discussed above, of a thermostat’s mechanism, shows the connection between heat from the atmosphere and the on and off condition of a furnace. The connection between these two remains just similar, despite the causes that influence the exterior temperature. From the above association, it is possible to envisage the entire effects that will occur on the furnace. If an individual places fire in the house, it is likely that the furnace will be switched off by the thermostat, as a result of high temperatures. A mechanism involves causes that one may not be able to perform experimentally as they could be harmful (Brooks 39). However, the effects are always obvious. The fact that a house could be on fire would be of no interest to the thermostat. Its interest would be that there is a rise in temperatures, and thus should turn the furnace off. In conclusion, for most citizens, understanding of hazards is usually developed from the news in the media, which scrupulously manuscripts threats and fears happening all over the planet. Risk assessment is important as it enables people to control and manage risks. In some cases, it is important for one to assess the benefits and the risk factors, for instance in the use of vaccines. Finally, the major difference between a cause and a mechanism is that a mechanism connects a big number of diverse causes, which are capable of influencing a structure, to the entire end effects that the structure can generate. Case Damage/Injury/Loss Event Energy Form Mechanism Outcome 1 Death, Physical Injury Linear Motion Boat being smashed Breakage 2 Loss to airlines Ambient condition Snow falling Runways closed 3 Payouts to fishing, tourism industries; Oxidation Fire Ocean covered with fuel 4 Damage Gra vitational Flood Power failure 5 Death Ambient condition Falling into the sea Body grew colder 6 Death Structural strain Failure of supports Collapse of tank 7 Death, Physical Injury Oxidation Solvent heating up Explosion 8 Damage Structural strain Truck stretching cable Breakage 9 Injury Oxidation Mixing Aluminium and Sodium Nitrate Explosion 10 Death Action-Reaction Gun firing People shot Ideas adopted from â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† (12 – 16, 18) In this case, the threat is leakage of gas under pressure from the cover drill hole. This is energy. The energy involved is chemical energy since it involves oxidation of the gas which leads to the explosion. Another threat is the presence of intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment. This is also energy. In this case, the energy involved is electrical potential energy (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 16). The event is ga s leakage from the cover drill hole. An event is described as the moment in time when management is lost against a threat. As a result, assets become vulnerable to the outcomes of the events. In this case, the gas leaking from the cover drill hole proves that control had been lost over the threat, thus making assets (people, the mine, and equipment) vulnerable to the events’ outcomes (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 17). Mechanisms are described as the reasons for the occurrence of an event. For this case, the first mechanism was cover drilling. Cover drilling has the potential of exposing the pressurized gas if the gas leaks from the cover drill hole. The other mechanism involved the leaked gas coming in contact with the intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 17). The most devastating outcome was the explosion that subsequently occurred after the gas had escaped from the cover drill hole. The gas leakage could also lead to respiratory problems to those directly inhaling the escaped gases (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 17 – 19). The consequence of the outcomes could be death to the miners. In this case study, we are informed that 19 people died as a result of the explosion. Another consequence of the outcome could be damage to the mine and the equipment found in the vicinity of the explosion. In the case study, we are informed that there was widespread damage that covered up to 500 m from the core of the explosion (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 19). The assets in this case study included people (the miners), the mine itself and the equipment used in the mine (â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 11, 17). Assignment 2 Control Measure Application to the Gas explosion in a mine Eliminate the threat Plug a cover on the cover drill hole to prevent gas leakage. Remove intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment in the mine. Avoid smoking in the mine. Reduce the size of the threat Reinforce the use of gas detectors in the mines. Flush the accumulated gas in the probe pipe of the gas detectors. Reduce the probability that the threat will occur Check the presence of gases in both high and low points of the mine. Remove or redirect the vulnerability pathway Make tunnel layouts, ventilation routes and controls less complex. Protect the asset Stop cover drilling once high gas concentration is detected. Remove the asset from the vulnerability pathway Do not cover drill when there is a high gas concentration in the mine. Adapted from â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 20. 1. Comparing different risks Likelihood Consequence 1 (Insign.) 2 (Minor) 3 (Moderate) 4 (Major) 5 (Catastr.) A (Almost certain) B (Likely) C (Moderate) D (Unlikely) E (Rare) Risk estimation â€Å"matrix† (Adapted from â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis† 48) Smoking is one of the factors that are almost certain to occur and its consequence is catastrophic. The case study notes that, although it is not allowed to smoke in the mines, the miners are not prevented from smoking by this rule. This makes the factor almost certain to occur. The presence of highly flammable gases in the mines makes the consequence of this activity very catastrophic if the cigarette, or matchstick, or lighter’s flame would come in contact with a flammable gas. The result would be an explosion. It is likely that a gas would escape from the cover drill hole. The consequence of such an action is minor. As noted in the case study, the gas will be intercepted and escapes through the hole in half the number of times cover drilling is done. Although the hole cannot be plugg ed to deny the gas the chance of escaping, it is not likely that this would lead to an explosion. As noted in the case study, explosions have only occurred 12 times in 6 years in the mine. 2. The chosen risks are Effectiveness of existing control measures and the Cost of proposed control changes. Using a scale of 1 to 5 and taking 1 to be ‘good’ and 5 to be ‘as bad as can be’, by addition, the Risk Rank Number of the Effectiveness of existing control measures factor was found to be 21, while that of the Cost of proposed control changes was found to be 5. By ranking all the factors it is possible to find the maximum a risk could be ranked. 3. The combination of all factors by either addition or multiplication proved to be a challenging and confusing task as one had to be very careful when selecting the rank for each factor or when combining the numbers from various scales. It was easy to give each rank its own scale. I. Comparing the same type of risk â€⠀œ â€Å"risk factors† Most of the articles shown are related to health conditions, with a few relating to business or financial matters. Most of those articles relating to health conditions are either discussing risk factors associated with cancer or those factors associated with heart conditions. In both cases, risk factors have been described as things that are have a tendency to increase the likelihood of a certain event taking place. II. As a sports person, the type of risk that that is of interest to me is the risk of losing a match. The risk factors associated with this type of risk include poor preparation before the match; misunderstanding between team members; lack of winning mentality and taking things for granted or being casual. If a does not prepare adequately before a match, it is most likely that that team will lose the game. This leads to misunderstandings between teammates, since there would be inadequate or lack of proper co-ordination. If a team lacks a wi nning mentality, then they would only be playing the match to avoid punishments or just for the sake of it. This is likely to lead to a loss. III. Preparation before a match – absent to excellent Misunderstanding between team members – worst to not present Lack of winning mentality – worst to absent Being casual – worst to not there I. For the explosion to occur; gas should escape from the cover drill hole and come in contact with flames from smoking or intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment. (pA * pBi) + (pA * pBii) = p Where pA is the probability that the gas escapes from the cover drill hole (0.5) pBi is the probability that smoking takes place (0.9) pBii is the probability that intrinsically unsafe electrical equipment will come in contact with the leaked gas (0.9) Therefore p = (0.5 * 0.9) + (0.5 * 0.9) = 0.45 + 0.45 = 0.9 II. Freq Consequence 1 $1,000.00 0.04 $500,000,000.00 III. Frequency, pa Consequence Risk, $pa 1 $500.00 $500. 00 0.6 $5,000.00 $3,000.00 0.35 $50,000.00 $17,500.00 0.2 $500,000.00 $100,000.00 0.11 $5,000,000.00 $550,000.00 0.064 $50,000,000.00 $3,200,000.00 0.04 $500,000,000.00 $20,000,000.00 $23,871,000.00 This is a highly economic alternative in case all the risk costs were covered with the airport operator. On the other hand, most of this accident’s costs, e.g. deaths, hull loss and associated costs were experienced by the air operators. It is also possible that the airport operator could experience the costs. This could happen in case the air operators decided to file a suit against the airport operator since he had failed in providing a secure airport operating structure. In addition, one could inquire whether it was affordable to provide ground radar in principle. A court would have seen this as a minor cost. This is proved by the fact that ground radar was installed after the accident. Therefore, it was affordable and thriftily acceptable to provide ground r adar. Works Cited Ashraf, Mozayan. The Forensic Laboratory Handbook Procedures and Practice. New York: Springer, 2010.Print. Brooks, Jamyn. Gravitation, Discovery of its Cause and Mechanism. London: J. W. Arrow Smith, 1977. Print. Burton, Ian, Rachel Kates, and Gerald White. The Environment as a Hazard. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978. Print. Clark, Williams. â€Å"Lessons for Ecological Policy Design: a Case Study of ecosystem management.† Ecological Modelling 7 (1972): 1-5 Douglas, Mark and Albert Widavsky. Risk and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. Print. Kahneman, Dupe, Paul Slovic, and Andrew Tversky. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Print. Nelkin, Duke. â€Å"The Political Impact of Technical Expertise.† Social Studies of Science 5 (1975): 35-54 Reinout, Willem. The Cause and Mechanism of Igneous Intrusion: With Some Scottish Examples. London: Sage, 1937. Print. Schwing, Ri chard and Walter Albers. Societal Risk Assessment. New York: Planum Press, 1980. Print. Slovic, Paul, Sarah Lichtensten, and Baruch Fischhoff. â€Å"Risk and Environment.† Management Science (1984) 30: 464 Slovic, Paul. â€Å"Perception of Risk.† Science 241(1987): 280-285. â€Å"Subject notes and study guide for risk perception and analysis.† Swinburne University of Technology Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Science 3/08/ 2011. Print (Lecture notes). Trevor—Roper, Reagan. The European Witch Craze of the 16th and 17th Centuries and other Essays. New York: Harper and Row, 1968. Print. This assessment on Risk Perception and Analysis was written and submitted by user Adr1an to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on US Withdrawal from Iraq The WritePass Journal

Essay on US Withdrawal from Iraq Essay on US Withdrawal from Iraq The Bush administration entered the  United States  in an armed intervention of  Iraq, a  war  that leading scholars deemed â€Å"unnecessary† at the time  (Mearsheimer and Walt, 2003). Under the false pretext of a crisis for America’s national security,  and international peace and security in general, because of the perceived threat of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction – that were never uncovered   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the President decided that armed intervention was the best choice of action.  With the failure to prove any significant  WMD  were in Iraq, the program of the  war  was conveniently shifted to  delivering the Iraqi people from an evil ruler to  democratic order. This process of deliverance, at best a â€Å"stalemate† (Posen, 2006), has seen an alarming loss of American lives and increasing expense of the American commitment in Iraq, while putting severe pressures  on the American economy. At this point,  the United St ates  should look for an exit strategy that totally withdrawals American  troops from  Iraq. At this point, it must be clearly understood that the recommendation  for American withdrawal is not being made on the grounds that going to  war  was itself a bad decision on the part of the Bush administration. Instead, the reasons for a fast and total withdrawal are being made on the basis of America’s long term national interests, and the lives of our troops.  As Posen maintains, the reduction of military, economic and political costs  this shall entail could then be used to  good  effect  elsewhere (2006).  The  war  in  Iraq  has resulted in thousands of American lives lost, and played part in destroying our economy. There still remains  a difference of opinions between the Democratic and Republican parties on this matter, with the Democrats favoring  a more rapid withdrawal and the Republicans making withdrawals contingent upon certain conditions. To elaborate, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had  spoken of a strategy that would help with an expedition of troops and the employment of a â€Å"new diplomatic initiative†Ã‚  (quoted at America.Gov)  asking other countries to help in Iraqs reconstruction. President Obama is still pushing for American troop withdrawal from  Iraq, pulling two brigades out every month and providing $2 billion in humanitarian aid to the  war-ravaged country (America.Gov).  Finally, the Republican position on the matter, Sen. John McCain, remains that the training and development of Iraqi soldiers is vital to an American withdrawal; unless Iraq’s security forces become stronger, the country shall be mired in civil  war  and  fall prey to  the devices of the al Qaeda, deeming the United States’ exit impossible  (America.Gov). From these contrary positions, it is clear that this debate is fiercely contested. One of the strongest cases against withdrawing is that it could lead to  Iraq  going into a civil  war. However, a closer inspection reveals that the conditions of civil  war  are already in existence; with the Baath party’s banned and the advantages of fundamentalist Islamists  due to the  war  has led to a situation of  civil  war. The continued presence of American troops and counter-insurgency operations has been unable to stop this situation, where insurgents target civilians and Iraqis kill Iraqis, all the while putting American troop’s lives at risk.  The civil  war  has already  begun to some degree, and there is no point in continuing  American engagement in  Iraq. Another important argument  against withdrawal, in line with Sen. McCain’s reasoning, is that American forces must only leave Iraq  after ensuring  that  Iraq’s security forces are competent enough to maintain order. The progress for Iraqi security forces is slow and has a long way to go. Continued American presence only makes things worse, because Iraqi politicians do not feel compelled to resolve Iraq’s issues and  poor  attempts at making improvement, have given the US existing cover. All this has done, is  produce a culture that is dependent on American assistance which, the  more  it continues, can only be harmful to  Iraq  in the long  term. Some suggest a time-bound  withdrawal  of American troops from Iraq.  Others argue that an American exit from  Iraq  at this moment would increase the growing influence of terrorists in the country, while severely undermining the stature of the  United States  in the eyes of the world. However, this is far from the truth. Firstly, the point about terrorists is a double-edged sword and is a risk that must be taken. While a withdrawal may indeed give some power to the terrorists in  Iraq, it is important to note that the continued American presence has given the al Qaeda  a reason to continue attacks on America troops . In fact, pulling out of  Iraq  may encourage the Sunnis to take the offensive to the al Qaeda and its sympathizers (Posen,  2006). Secondly, it is foolish to expect that an American withdrawal can change things, to any considerable degree.  As William Welch argues, this image of the mighty U.S was already in question once it launched an unwarranted preventive  war, and  got  further tainted when it delayed the involvement of the United Nations and other willing countries to aid of the reconstruction of Iraq. In addition, recent studies argue that the moral  backbone  of the  US,  which promotes the pursuits of democracy and liberation of  other countries as ethical responsibilities, is in itself very narrow-minded (Welch,  2010).  Instead of worrying about the U.S’ credibility over withdrawing from  Iraq, it  may, in fact, strengthen the U.S image somewhat. Finally, another important – but shaky – argument against withdrawal is that a rapid exit after such a long battle would severely demoralize the American troops. However, as Lt. Gen. William E. Odom observes, nothing could be farther from the truth: â€Å"Hiding behind the argument of troop morale shows no willingness to accept the responsibilities of command. The truth is, most wars would stop early if soldiers had the choice of whether or not to continue. This is certainly true in  Iraq, where a withdrawal is likely to raise morale among  U.S.  forces.† (2006) Thus, it is safe to say that the opposing arguments of American troops’ withdrawal do not hold much weight. But, it must be remembered that the case for a well-planned exit strategy does not only rest on this negation of contrary arguments. It is also supplied with the important consideration of America’s best interests; these are what we must now investigate to insure the withdrawal. America’s key interest  in the Persian Gulf region  is that of oil, although contrary to popular belief, the interest is not of control, but of ensuring a regular supply from the Middle East to the United States; also making sure that political adversaries do not gain control of these resources to the detriment of the US and other areas of the world dependent on energy supply from the  region  (Posen,  2006).   Stopping the ties between terrorist organizations and state administrations is also an important issue becauseâ€Å"†¦we have learned from the alliance between al Qaeda and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan that it is unwise to allow terrorists to get a foothold in a sympathetic state from which they can propagandize, recruit, organize, train, and plan  in relative security.†Ã‚  (Posen,  2006) The concerns of oil are shared by many countries and most of them would be willing to contribute to a solution, which could also be done through the U.N. Even if the  U.S  is required to maintain an active deployment in  Iraq  due to such a turn, it shall still be many times smaller than its current  operations. Furthermore, the outcome of an Iraqi civil  war  would, in all probability, be a stalemate – a result most  favorable  to American national interests (Posen,  2006). The best way to expedite this situation is to pull out of  Iraq. The worst possible thing of this stalemate could be an intensification of al Qaeda operations in the Sunni-dominated areas of  Iraq; however, as discussed above, this is a contentious issue, and it could very well be the  US’ troops themselves which are causing such a calamity. In conclusion, it is important to look at the more vivid reminders that urge for an American withdrawal from Iraq.  The unabated loss of American lives in  Iraq, since the launch of the  war, ran close to 4,400 deaths in  December, 2010; this number is far greater than those resulting from the offensive in  Afghanistan,  totaling  501 deaths in  over seven years (White,  2011).  The economic downturn for the  US  because of the  war  in  Iraq  has been immense  too, stretching well beyond $900 billion as early as January 2011.  In light of these facts, it is  increasingly difficult to argue against an American withdrawal from  Iraq. In the best interest of servicing  America’s military, political and economic interests,  the arguments against withdrawal only seem to justify the continuation of poor policy choices, and it is in the  US’ best interests that a plan for military disengagement from  Iraq  be devised without  hesitation or  delay. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Posen, Barry. â€Å"How to disengage from Iraq in 18 months.†   Boston Review. Jan. 2006. 18 Mar. 2011 http://bostonreview.net/BR31.1/posen.php 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America.Gov â€Å"Election 2008 Issues† 7 Mar. 2008. 18 Mar. 2011 america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/March/20080307131621liameruoy0.4348108.html 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mearsheimer, John J. and Walt, Stephen M. â€Å"An unnecessary War.† Foreign Policy. Jan. 2003. 18 Mar. 2011 mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/bush/walt.htm 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White, Deborah. â€Å"Iraq War Facts† About.com. 2 Mar. 2011. 19 Mar. 2011 http://usliberals.about.com/od/homelandsecurit1/a/IraqNumbers.htm 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Welch, William M. â€Å"Fight a Thousand Battles† USA Today. 2010. 22.Mar.2011 http://usacac.army.mil/blog/blogs/fight/archive/2010/07/23/doubts-about-u-s-tactics-shadow-war-in-afghanistan-by-william-m-welch-and-jim-michaels-usa-today.aspx

Key Consumer Psychology & Buying Behavior Essay

Key Consumer Psychology & Buying Behavior - Essay Example This essay stresses that marketers view each consumer as a single decision-making unit. They collect information relating to a product or service from various sources and through various dimensions analyze it. The decision resulting from their analysis is the buying or rejection of the product. Marketers look to understand the types of stimulating information that arouses the favorable consumer action towards their product and the extent of their understanding affects their success. This process is in fact based on the underlying philosophy of â€Å"consumer sovereignty† which dictates that the consumer plays the role of the king responsible for all decisions and the activities done by the vendors should therefore be focused on satisfying these customers. This should go along with the primary business objective of making profits. This paper makes a conclusion that the process of decision making means the underlying steps the consumers experience in order to select between the different market alternatives. Alternative products include, for example, different choices to achieve the same set of goals, like whether to fly by plan, travel by train; whether to select regular briefs or boxers etc. This is mainly a five step process. Each step occurs in succession to the previous step without any gaps. These steps are briefly discussed hereunder. Depending on the circumstances the consumer may undertake a heavy research, a little search or no further research on the needs and the available products.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Summary - Essay Example She has termed the bigger dams a recipe of disaster that impacts the masses in a direct manner. She expresses her concern in the context of the price being paid by the ordinary citizen. The author of the â€Å"Greater Common Good† Arundhati Roy derives her repute and recognition from skills and pedigree in number of domains. Her notable works are â€Å"The God of Small Things (1997) ( Roy, 2002)†. Other notable works of Arundhati Roy include the â€Å"In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones† (Roy, ,2003) â€Å"Electronic Moon (1992)† along with the more talked about movie â€Å"The Great Indian Rape Trick† which was more significant on the account of tracing the life events of Polen Devi. Sardar Sarovar Dam being part of the Narmada Valley is an example of the same pattern where big dam is on the lines of development and construction and this in turn is bringing about all the challenges that are stated above. Arundhati Roy has taken up the case of Narmada River dams with regard to its facilitation, its terrain, impact on the people and other associated factors. The grey areas in case of dams’ construction come in form of the development line. The people do receive compensations and other packages but that is not like the actual case and feature. Little concern and consideration is given to the area of their rehabilitation in the context of mental disturbance and overall social stratification that takes place and hits back in a negative manner. According to Roy, the conventional mindset would for big dams based on the conventional stats and facts that they would serve as repository of water and other resources of natural life; however this would in actual stand as rhetoric only. The other side of the story and the page is given little regard and value. One of the common beliefs that is prevailing against the establishment of the reservoirs is that of the carbon dioxide repository and emission from these sources which further leads to imbalance in the

American Prohibition Essay Example for Free

American Prohibition Essay : Also known as the Volstead Act, named after Republican Senator Andrew J. Volstead, the National Prohibition Act was designed to improve the morality of the nation. However, prohibition, the â€Å"Noble Experiment,† failed miserably in this respect. Focus/Argument: Prohibition in fact failed to bolster morals as hoped, but instead led to an increase in violent crime and caused morals to slip due to reactionary protest from the people. Paper should focus on the major cities of the twenties such as Chicago, New York, and St. Louis. Special attention should be focused on the mafia, gangland violence, and bootlegging, as well as the spread of speakeasies and the resulting Jazz culture (flappers, corruption, etc). Introduction: â€Å"The so-called Temperance movement, which in fact opposed temperate and responsible enjoyment of alcohol beverages, proposed that to defeat the disease of alcohol dependency among the few allegedly required abstinence from the many. †1 This was the rationale which enabled the 18th amendment to the U. S. Constitution to be passed. Also known as the Volstead Act, named after its author the Republican senator Andrew J. Volstead, the National Prohibition Act was designed to improve the morality of the nation. However, prohibition, the â€Å"Noble Experiment,† failed miserably in this respect. 2 In fact, it caused an increase in crime and gave impetus to violence on a scale not seen since the days of the old west. Morality also became increasingly lax as speakeasies, Jazz, sexual promiscuity, and flappers mushroomed across the nation, giving full meaning to the term, â€Å"The Roaring Twenties. † Coupled with post-war prosperity with people having more money and time off than ever before, they looked for things to spend their earnings on as well as for ways to blow off steam. 3 The rise of popular legend stemming from the Prohibition years in the form of movies, books, and people such as mobster Al Capone and Treasury agent Elliott Ness, have had a lasting impact on popular culture through modern times. The Prohibition decade was more than a prohibition on alcohol consumption; it was a prohibition on morals which never has been repealed. American Prohibition: Moral Decay and Corruption in the Roaring Twenties The 1920s went by various monikers such as the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties. It was a time of prosperity for most Americans. Scientific and technological improvements increased industrial production. The automobile, electric appliances, chemical and construction industries expanded tremendously during the 1920s. People were generally able to afford luxuries. The 1920s was also an era of wild gaiety for part of the population. Novels of the period stressed the rebellion of the youth against the traditional values of their parents. These groups from the urban areas came to seem typical of the 1920s though actually many more people were leading conservative lives. Women had been given the right to vote in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified. For the first time, women wore their dresses short and bobbed their hair; many wore make-up and smoked cigarette’s. They became regulars in the dance scenes in clubs and cabarets where jazz was played. They were called flappers. Some imitated the movie stars they saw in silent files like the glamorous Gloria Swanson and Norma Talmadge and swooned over Rudolf Valentino. Talking pictures were first introduced in 1927 featuring the Jazz Singer. Jazz music was played everywhere and was most popular in the urban area of New York as it seemed to embody the vitality of the city. Speakeasies sprouted everywhere. Its name bespoke secrecy as these private clubs admonish its customers to speak easy or softly or the police might herar. Charles A. Lindbergh was a completely different type of national hero. In May 27, this young man from the Midwest became the first person to fly alone, nonstop, across the Atlantic Ocean. 4 Prohibition was partly responsible for the daring, reckless spirit of the twenties. An amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states on December 18, 1917 and on January 29, 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment was declared ratified, to wit: Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article, the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 5 On January 16, 1920, the National Prohibition Act or, otherwise known as the Volstead Act, went into effect. The conservatives had long been calling for temperance arguing that alcohol is the source of all ills. Science was used to give evidence that alcohol was linked to vices, diseases, suicide and leads to early death. The employers encouraged total abstinence so as to minimize industrial accidents and at the same time increase productivity. The religious community associated alcohol with evil. The women’s group proclaimed it detrimental to family relations. 6 With the entry of the United States in World War I, they quickly gained supporters due to the growing resentment against anything German which included beer. Moreover, patriotism called for self-sacrifice and anyone who did not remain sober and defend the country were met with hostility. During the war, the manufacture of beer and liquor had been prohibited to conserve grain and by July 1919, the sale of liquor had been stopped. With such public sentiment, the prohibitionists gained ground and the amendment was passed. 7 The day before the Volstead Act was to take effect, the Anti-Saloon League of New York made an optimistic prediction by stating that, â€Å"Tonight, John Barleycorn makes his last will and testament. Now for an era of clean thinking and clean living! † 8 Instead, the opposite took place. Almost immediately, violations across the country were being reported. Police were carrying out raids of establishments who persisted in selling liquor. The law was observed mostly in the Midwest where the â€Å"dry† movement had begun, but in the large eastern cities the laws were flagrantly broken. As well, there were not enough Federal and state agents to enforce prohibition. In fact, now that is was illegal, more people began to drink more than ever. Such circumstances made Al Capone self-righteous enough to proclaim that: I make my money by supplying a public need. If I break the law, my customers, who number hundreds of the best people in Chicago, are as guilty as I am. The only difference between us is that I sell and they buy. 9 Fortunes were made in bootlegging or the manufacture and sale of liquor illegally. Criminals organized â€Å"mobs† or â€Å"syndicates† to operate in certain areas. Al Capone was one of these of bosses. He held sway in Chicago and Cicero, Illinois, with an estimated 750 paid gunmen. Crime became big business in other large cities, too. There were many kidnappings for ransom. Among them was Charles Lindbergh’s son who in 1932, was not only kidnapped but was also murdered. When prohibition ended in February 16, 1933 with the passing of the Twenty-first Amendment to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment, the mobs turned to protection rackets, slot machines and other gambling and the distribution of narcotics. 10 To be fair, the prohibition did manifest benefits though only for a short period. This could probably be because liquor was still relatively hard to find and when one did find it, the price of violation was high. This does not refer to the penalties to be imposed when caught but that the cost of liquor had become so prohibitive that the average American earner could not afford a glass of cocktail. The prohibition had no effect on the rich, however, as they continued to drink well while the poor drank badly. This led to further divisiveness as it was becoming classifies as a class legislation. 11 In 1920, the year the law came into effect, there was a significant drop in the arrests for drunkenness which was even lower than 1918 and 1919 when Americans were voluntary abstaining from liquor due to wartime restrictions and patriotism. By 1921, however, arrests for drunkenness had once again risen with no indications of declining. This data can be seen in a 1926 survey of 384 municipalities that was prepared by Stanley Shirk, the research director of The Moderation League, Inc. The results as it was presented to the Senate Committee Hearing were as follows: 12 Year Number of Arrests for Intoxication in 384 Communities Year Number of Arrests for Intoxication in 384 Communities 1914 523,049 1920 233,837 1915 528,347 1921 317,492 1916 557,634 1922 425,353 1917 542,039 1923 499,322 1918 423,048 1924 515,199 1919 309,760 1925 533,483 The World League against Alcoholism likewise presented its own survey results in the same Senate Committee Hearing which compiled the records of 514 cities and towns. 13 Year Arrests for Drunkenness per 10,000 Population Year Arrests for Drunkenness per 10,000 Population 1914 169 1920 60 1915 165 1921 84 1916 176 1922 111 1917 169 1923 126 1918 124 1924 127 1919 97 These figures also showed an increase in arrests after 1920, the bone-dry year, but it was contended that this was more due to increased police activity. The anti-Alcoholism League, at that time, can merely give a forecast that arrests will go down in 1925 and beyond. They pointed out that compared with the figures from 1914 to 1917 of the pre-prohibition years, recorded arrests after 1920 were still much lower. Regardless, whether we look at it from the â€Å"wet† or â€Å"dry† statistics, the data showed that the number of arrests for drunkenness was not receding. This gave evidence that for the primary objective of the National Prohibition Act was not met and could not be met. The numbers from 1918 to 1921 are also quite notable as it implied a change in the attitudes of the general population towards alcohol. By the time prohibition was put in effect, the wartime fervor seems to have already waned, abstinence had overstayed its welcome, drinking was no longer met with social disapproval and people were clamoring for a drink notwithstanding the law. Institutions and agencies were likewise fairly tolerant of transgressions of the law and would accept any loophole around it. In courtrooms of Wyoming and San Francisco, judges and jury gave much leeway to the defense to the point of allowing the evidence to be drunk which led to the technicality of lack of evidence against the bootlegger defendant and the cases were thrown out. Doctors could and did prescribe up to three pints of vitamin-enhanced whiskey which was in accordance with a Supreme Court ruling. Government beer was prescribed by the gallons for medicinal purposes. 14 As a result, it had soon become a law that nobody wanted to obey thus making it harder to enforce. Thereupon, a general perception followed that crime was prevalent. Foremost among these are convictions for crime which did not used to be treated as criminal before the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment. This perception of lawlessness was compounded by the sensational publicity given to prohibition violations which had become daily news stories in the papers. In an age where cinema was most influential, many movies were produced that depicted a lot of drinking not by the villains but by the heroes and heroines. 15 Prominent people have likewise testified before the Senate to express their opinion against the Volstead Act and argue for revision. They aimed to prove that lawlessness had in fact increase since it was passed. One of these opponents of prohibition was Michigan politician Charles S. Wood who contended that the statistics for the arrests on drunkenness would actually have been much greater except that people were doing their drinking inside homes and hotels rather than in saloons hence there is little chance for them to be caught drunk in the streets. 16 This can be corroborated by the increasing number of deaths recorded for cirrhosis of the liver. Alcoholic admissions in one New York hospital as recorded in the 1930s were over 1000 a year. Apparently, they became alcoholics during prohibition. 17